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Fujian Tulou () is a type of Chinese rural dwelling〔Joseph Needham, Science and civilisation in China V4 pt3. p. 133-134, 1971 Cambridge University Press〕 of the Hakka in the mountainous areas in southeastern Fujian, China. They were mostly built between the 12th and the 20th centuries.〔(Fujian Tulou. UNESCO World Heritage Centre )〕 A tulou is usually a large, enclosed and fortified earth building, most commonly rectangular or circular in configuration, with very thick load-bearing rammed earth walls between three and five stories high and housing up to 80 families. Smaller interior buildings are often enclosed by these huge peripheral walls which can contain halls, storehouses, wells and living areas, the whole structure resembling a small fortified city.〔(Earthen Houses (Tulou), Fujian Province ) Macau Cultural Affairs Bureau〕 The fortified outer structures are formed by compacting earth, mixed with stone, bamboo, wood and other readily available materials, to form walls up to thick. Branches, strips of wood and bamboo chips are often laid in the wall as additional reinforcement. The result is a well-lit, well-ventilated, windproof and earthquake-proof building that is warm in winter and cool in summer.〔 Tulous usually have only one main gate, guarded by wooden doors reinforced with an outer shell of iron plate. The top level of these earth buildings has gun holes for defensive purposes. A total of 46 Fujian Tulou sites, including Chuxi tulou group, Tianluokeng tulou cluster, Hekeng tulou cluster, Gaobei tulou cluster, Dadi tulou cluster, Hongkeng tulou cluster, Yangxian lou, Huiyuan lou, Zhengfu lou and Hegui lou, have been inscribed in 2008 by UNESCO as World Heritage Site, as "exceptional examples of a building tradition and function exemplifying a particular type of communal living and defensive organization ==Terminology== Since the 1980s, the Fujian Tulou has been variously called "Hakka tulou", "earth dwelling", "round stronghouse" or simply "tulou". ''Tu lou'' (土樓) literally translates as ''earthen structures''. Fujian Tulous's literal translation is "Fujian earthen structures", and scholars of Chinese architecture have recently standardized the term ''Fujian Tulou''. Early publications on tulous (the first of which appeared in a journal of Nanjing Institute of Technology in 1957) talked about tulous as the homes of Hakka people, primarily in Yongding County of southwestern Fujian. However, by the 1980s a substantial amount of research was also published on the tulous of the Hakkas' neighbors, the Southern Fujian people (known in Chinese as the Minnan people). Those are primarily found in to the east of Yongding, in particular in Nanjing County and Pinghe County of southeastern Fujian. Parts of Hakka tulou belong to the Fujian Tulou category. While ''all'' south Fujian tulous belong to the Fujian Tulou category, they do not belong to "Hakka Tulou". In effect, "Fujian Tulou" is not a synonym for "tulou", but rather a special subgroup of the latter. There are more than 20,000 tulous in Fujian, while there are only around three thousand "Fujian Tulou" located in southwestern region of Fujian province, mostly in the mountainous regions of Yongding County of Longyan City and Nanjing County of Zhangzhou City. ''Fujian Tulou'' is however the official name adopted by UNESCO for all dwellings of this type. Based on the literal meaning of the Chinese words ''tu'' (土; "earth") and ''lou'' (樓; "() building"), one may think of the term "tulou" as a generic description of a rammed-earth building. However, this would not be a useful definition, since, as the scholar of China's traditional architecture Huang Hanmin notes, rammed-earth building of one kind or another can be found in virtually all parts of China. Instead, it is preferable to use the definition actually used in Fujian: a tulou is a large building, constructed with load-bearing rammed earth walls, and used as a residence by a community (a group of families).〔 (Chapter 3, ''Definition of the Fujian Tulou Concept'')〕 The first part of the definition contrasts tulous with structures that merely use rammed earth around the load-bearing wooden frame; the second part distinguishes tulous from small, single-family residencies.〔 Based on the above definition, Huang Hanmin believes that out of the great variety of rammed-earth vernacular architecture of China, only the following regional styles, all associated with either Hakka or Minnan people, can be called "tulou" (at least in Chinese):〔〔. The nomination restricts the term ''tulou'' to these 3 provinces. Quote: "In the southeastern Chinese provinces of Fujian, Jiangxi and Guangdong, there exist a lot of buildings with a long history called 'Tulou'."〕 * "Guangdong tulou": the ''weilongwu'' (围龙屋) compounds of the northern Guangdong, and the ''weiwu''(围屋) compounds of the northeastern Guangdong;〔 * "Jiangxi tulou": the ''tuweizi'' (土围子) compounds of the southern Jiangxi;〔〔These are described as ''weiwu'' (围屋) or ''wei'' (围) in: Chen Liang, (Another cluster of Tulou in Longnan of Jiangxi bordering Fujian ). ''China Daily''. Published on www.whatsonxiamen.com on 2008-07-19〕 * "Fujian tulou": several types of tulou of southern Fujian. While the Guangdong and Jiangxi tulou (usually known is English as "fortified villages" or Hakka walled village) are associated with the Hakka people, among the Fujian tulou there are several types, some of which are characteristic of the Hakka, and others, of the Minnan.〔 For the specifically Fujian Tulou, Huang Hanmin gives the following definition: "A large multi storey building in southeast Fujian mountainous region for large community living and defense, built with weight bearing rammed earth wall and wood frame structure."〔 (Chapter 3, ''Definition of Fujian Tulou Concept'')〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Fujian Tulou」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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